FIU PM2.5 Air Pollution in China on Maternal Stress During Pregnancy Research Paper Topic: The impacts of PM2.5 air pollution in China on maternal stress d

FIU PM2.5 Air Pollution in China on Maternal Stress During Pregnancy Research Paper Topic: The impacts of PM2.5 air pollution in China on maternal stress during pregnancy.

Please see attached the PowerPoint presentation I have created and presented on the topic. This information is now needed in research paper format, please feel free to use my references at the end of the PP. Provide information on the background of the problem including history, discussion of the health effects, a discussion of the degree of certainty or uncertainty, and, for most subjects, a discussion of regulations and governmental policies.

-15 pages; double spaced; 1” margins, APA style, title page, reference page

– include an abstract (250 words)

– include tables/charts/graphs/figures

– include a Conclusion and Recommendation section at the end The impacts of PM2.5 air pollution in China
on maternal stress during pregnancy.
PHC6311 – Assignment 3
Bianca Lorenzo

Air Pollution – Is it
Hazardous?
Yes, hazardous air pollutants, also known as toxic air pollutants or
air toxics, are those pollutants that cause or may cause cancer or
other serious health effects, such as reproductive effects or birth
defects, or adverse environmental and ecological effects.
When and why is air pollution hazardous?
According to the WHO air pollution
database, China has higher levels of
air pollution than Western countries.
The rapid economic development and
urbanization of China have led to
worsening trends in the overall
quality of urban and regional
environments.
Air pollution is directly linked to
elevated mortality and morbidity
through respiratory and
cardiovascular diseases, and leads to
adverse pregnancy outcomes.
It affects infants directly and it
can have a long-term impact on adult
health, including inducing
hypertension, coronary heart disease
and non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Material and Chemical
Structure
• Material – solid and liquid particles and certain gases that are
suspended in the air. These particles and gases can come from car
and truck exhaust, factories, dust, pollen, mold spores, volcanoes
and wildfires.
• Chemical Structure – complex mixture of thousands of pollutants
including solid and liquid particles suspended in the air (particulate
matter (PM)), and various gases such as ozone (O3), nitrogen
oxides (NO2 or NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and
carbon monoxide (CO).
China’s air pollution and it’s effects…
Pregnant women are at higher risk from exposure to air pollution than non-pregnant women
Embryo and fetal development are highly susceptible to air pollutants, notably particulate matter
(PM), which can enter the placenta through the respiratory tract and the maternal blood
PM2.5 is more likely to contain harmful substances, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
and heavy metals
These substances pose further threat to maternal and fetal health including gestational diabetes,
birth defects and low birth weight
Associated Environmental
Disasters in China
• In January 2013, Beijing experienced a prolonged bout of smog
so severe that citizens dubbed it an “airpocalypse”; the
concentration of hazardous particles was forty times the level
deemed safe by the World Health Organization (WHO).
• Coal Burning Causes the Most Air Pollution Deaths in China Burning coal has the worst health impact of any source of air
pollution in China and caused 366,000 premature deaths in
2013.
Exposure Routes and their Hazards
Although trace elements
represent a small portion of
PM2.5 mass, they play an
important role in human health
because of their high toxicity
Elements can be accumulated
via two primary exposure
pathways – ingestion and
inhalation
Can neither be digested nor
biodegraded in most cases and
are linked to heart disease, lung
cancer, and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease after
reaching a certain dose
Dose Response of PM2.5 in
Maternal Pregnancy
Ambient PM2.5 and clinically recognized early pregnancy loss: A case-control study
with exposure predictions
• This study provides evidence for an adverse impact of exposure to air pollution
on human embryonic development.
• Clinically recognized early pregnancy loss (CREPL) was associated with maternal
acute exposures to ambient PM2.5 during the four weeks after conception, with
the second week after conception possibly being the most vulnerable exposure
time window
• The odds of CREPL for this window increased approximately 15% per
10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration
Quantifying Risk Factors
In china, higher levels of air pollution have existed
in major cities for quite a long period and efforts
to assess the effects of air pollution exposure on
pregnancy outcomes are still relatively sparse
Aims: 1) to quantify the association between
PM2.5 and low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth
(PTB) during different periods of pregnancy; 2) to
estimate the unsettled number and proportion of
both LBW and PTB due to PM2.5 exposure
Population
Demography
• Accurate assessment of the population exposed to
PM2.5 requires high-resolution pollution and population
information
• During April 2013 and April 2014, China’s populationweighted annual average PM2.5 concentration was nearly 7
times the annual average level suggested by the World
Health Organization (WHO)
• About 1,322 million people, or 98.6% of the total population,
were exposed to PM2.5 at levels above WHO’s daily guideline
for longer than half a year
• If China can achieve its action plan on Prevention and
Control of Air Pollution targets, the population exposed to
PM2.5 above their daily standard can be reduced by 85%
Nature of PM2.5 Carcinogen
Carcinogens are also often, but not
necessarily, mutagens or teratogens.
Carcinogens may cause cancer by altering
cellular metabolism or damaging DNA
directly in cells, which interferes with normal
biological processes.
A carcinogen may directly damage the DNA
in cells, cause mutations, and disruption
normal growth and cell division of cells.
Chinese Government Regulations to Control Exposure
STATE COUNCIL ISSUED AN ACTION
PLAN FOR THE PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION IN
SEPTEMBER 2013
CONCENTRATIONS OF PM2.5 IN
REGIONS MUST FALL BETWEEN 1525%
ANNUAL CONCENTRATIONS MUST
BE CONTROLLED BELOW 60
MILLIGRAMS PER CUBIC METER
THE MAIN GOAL OF THE PLAN IS TO
REDUCE COAL CONSUMPTION BY
CLOSING POLLUTING MILLS,
FACTORIES, AND SMELTERS, AND
SWITCHING TO OTHER ECOFRIENDLY ENERGY SOURCES
Ways to Minimize
Exposure
1.
Stay indoors in an area with filtered air
2.
Keep your outdoor activity levels low
3.
Avoid activities that make you breathe faster or more deeply
4.
If you cannot buy filters for your entire home, create a clean
room for sleeping
5.
Keep home and car windows closed
6.
Don’t smoke
Describing Dose Exposure
•
PM2.5 describes fine inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller
•
Particles are 25 to 100 times thinner than a strand of human hair
•
PM2.5 particles can stay in the air for days or weeks and can travel for hundreds of miles
•
How do you know if you’ve been exposed? You may not be able to breathe as deeply or as vigorously as normal, and you may experience coughing, chest
discomfort, wheezing, shortness of breath, and unusual fatigue
Reliable Resources
1.
Check airnow.gov or your local air agency website for the
most recent hourly air quality conditions
2.

Is Air Quality in China a Social Problem?

3.
https://www.worldbank.org/
4.
https://china.usembassy-china.org.cn/embassyconsulates/beijing/air-quality-monitor/extremely-highlevels-pm2-5-steps-reduce-exposure/
References
Pollution: composition/sources. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.erswhitebook.org/chapters/outdoor-environment/pollution-composition-sources/
Shang, L., Huang, L., Yang, W. et al. Maternal exposure to PM2.5 may increase the risk of congenital hypothyroidism in the offspring: a national
study in China. BMC Public Health 19, 1412 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7790-1
database based
Song J, Chen Y, Wei L, et al. Early-life exposure to air pollutants and adverse pregnancy outcomes: protocol for a prospective cohort study in Beijing. BMJ Open 2017;
7:e015895. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015895
Wong, E. (2016, August 18). Coal Burning Causes the Most Air Pollution Deaths in China, Study Finds.
Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/18/world/asia/china-coal-health-smog-pollution.html
Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Chen, L., Yang, H., Zhang, B., Wang, Q., … Bai, Z. (2019). Ambient PM2.5 and clinically recognized early pregnancy loss: A casespatiotemporal exposure predictions. Environment International, 126, 422–429. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.062
control study with
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