Florida International University Use of Fire Changed Homo Erectus Discussion Homo Erectus and why we see the H. Erectus being so important in gaining the t

Florida International University Use of Fire Changed Homo Erectus Discussion Homo Erectus and why we see the H. Erectus being so important in gaining the traits such as bigger brain, larger head, and a jaw that becomes less robust, and other traits that began to evolve into the H. Sapien. So, let talk about fire, lets talk about what fire did for our mandibles, gracile, teeth becoming smaller. the brain and commitment to more humaness. CHAPTER 12 OUTLINE
1. What Is So Modern about Modern Humans?
a. Modern humans are different from archaic humans.
b. Skeletal traits: round, tall skull with vertical forehead, small browridges, and small face and
teeth with a more gracile postcranial skeleton characteristic of modern humans.
2. Modern Homo sapiens: Single Origin and Global Dispersal or Regional Continuity?
a. Evolution of modern humans began about 350,000 yBP with emergence of archaic forms.
b. First modern Homo sapiens appeared in Africa, 160,000 yBP.
c. Two main hypotheses
i. Out of Africa
(1) Modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa, and then spread to Asia and
Europe, where modern humans replaced the populations there.
ii. Multiregional Continuity
(1) The shift to modern humans took place regionally and did not involve
replacement.
3. What Do Homo sapiens Fossils Tell Us about Modern Human Origins?
a. Early Archaic Homo sapiens
i. Archaic Homo sapiens in Africa (350,000–200,000 yBP)
(1) Kabwe (Broken Hill)
ii. Early Archaic Homo sapiens in Asia (350,000–130,000 yBP)
(1) Ngandong (Java)
iii. Early Archaic Homo sapiens in Europe (350,000–130,000 yBP)
(1) Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca)
iv. Early Archaic Homo sapiens’ Dietary Adaptations
(1) Same tools and material technology as Homo erectus but diverse materials
(2) Reduction of dental complex with tool use
b. Late Archaic Homo sapiens
i. Late Archaic Homo sapiens in Asia (60,000–40,000 yBP)
(1) Neandertals found in Amud, Kebara, and Tabun
(2) Shanidar site best known; several individuals with interesting life histories
seen in their skeletons
ii. Late Archaic Homo sapiens in Europe (130,000–14,000 yBP)
(1) Krapina Neandertals, Vindija
(a) Cannibalism
iii. The Neandertal Body Plan: Aberrant or Adapted?
(1) La Chapelle-aux-Saints studied first by Boule
(a) Boule influenced thinking about the Neandertals
(b) Thought Neandertals had bent-kneed gait
(c) Thought Neandertals were primitive and stupid
(2) Cold adaptation of Neandertals
(a) Large nasal aperture
(b) Large infraorbital foramina
(c) Stocky build, short limbs
iv. Neandertal Hunting: Inefficient or Successful?
(1) Established Mousterian tool tradition
(2) Butchered animal bones found
(3) Animals processed for food
(4) Chemical evidence indicates importance of meat in diet.
v. Neandertals Buried Their Dead
(1) European, western Asian sites indicate burial; others do not.
(2) Spy, La Chapelle-aux-Saints, Amud, Tabun, also individuals from Shanidar
vi. Neandertals Talked
(1) Some argue Neandertals could not produce range of sound necessary for
language.
(2) Kebara hyoid bone suggests that Neandertals could talk.
c. Early Modern Homo sapiens
i. Early Modern Homo sapiens in Africa (200,000–6,000 yBP)
(1) Herto, Aduma, Awash Valley, Omo
ii. Klasies River Mouth Cave, Hofmeyr
iii. Early Modern Homo sapiens in Asia (90,000–18,000 yBP)
(1) Skhul, Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian
iv. Early Modern Homo sapiens in Europe (35,000–15,000 yBP)
(1) Oase, Predmostí, Dolni Vestnice
d. Modern Behavioral and Cultural Transitions Happened First in Africa
i. Painting, hunting, fishing, tool production, jewelry
ii. Once thought these originated in Europe
iii. At Katanda (Africa) catfish remains found from as early as 75,000 yBP
4. How Has the Biological Variation in Fossil Homo sapiens Been Interpreted?
a. Ancient DNA: Interbreeding between Neandertals and Early Modern People?
i. Overlap in dates between Homo sapiens and Neandertals suggests coexistence,
interbreeding.
ii. Supports “out of Africa” model
b. Living People’s Genetic Record: Settling the Debate on Modern Humans’ Origins
i. Neandertals and early modern people
(1) mtDNA shows similarity between Neandertals and dissimilarity with modern
humans.
(2) Lack of samples, time depth leading challenges to DNA analysis and
interpretation.
ii. Genetic records
(1) Rebecca Cann and colleagues found sub-Saharan populations more
genetically diverse than other populations.
(2) Two possible explanations
(a) Populations have been in existence longer, so have more genetic
mutations.
(b) Large population sizes influence genetic diversity, where larger
populations have more diversity than smaller populations.
5. Assimilation Model for Modern Human Variation: Neandertals Are Still with Us
a. Discordance in the fossil and genetic record suggests that current models do not adequately
explain modern human origins.
b. Neandertals contributed to modern gene pool in Europe and Asia.
6. Modern Humans’ Other Migrations: Colonization of Australia, the Pacific, and the Americas
a. Initial spread of population out of Africa, into Asia and Europe
b. Spread to other parts of the world
c. Down Under and Beyond: The Australian and Pacific Migrations
i. Australia
(1) Lake Mungo, 40,000 yBP
(2) Similarities with Homo erectus
ii. Pacific
(1) Southeast Asia point of origin
(2) “Hobbit” man discovered in 2003
d. Arrival in the Western Hemisphere: The First Americans
i. Physical evidence, DNA links Native Americans to East Asian populations.
ii. Anatomical differences from recent Native Americans

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